4 Available at: [Accessed 16 November 2017]. Also, the wage gap varies by state. The lost wages for women over this period of work add up significantly no matter what the woman’s level of … The Brookings Institution. "Here's how much men and women earn at every age." American Indian, Alaska Native, Black and Hispanic women earn 26 percent less than White men. Cornell economists Francine D. Blau and Lawrence M. Kahn have managed to quantify what percentage of the pay gap between men and women is due to aspects we cannot easily measure—aspects that go beyond things such as occupation, educational attainment, and years of experience. Center for American Progress. Women earn less when they balance children and careers.So what to make of the fact that about 10 percent of the wage gap can be attributed to women having different work histories than men, or in other words, being much more likely to take time off or quit altogether to care for children? Harvard economist Claudia Goldin has found that in some well-paid occupations, such as business and law, people who work very long hours receive a disproportionate increase in their wages—which means that those who work fewer hours receive disproportionately lower pay. Explaining The Gender Pay Gap. Since the second half of the 20th century, women’s labor force participation has grown significantly.1 Women are working longer hours and pursuing higher education in greater numbers. post A look at the motherhood wage gap on Mother’s Equal Pay Day. This graph from the ILO shows the percentage gap in workforce participation in 1991, 2001, and 2011 between women and men. the conversation, but to change the country. Gender, Pay Equity, Race & Ethnicity TOPICS: Gender, Pay Equity, Race & Ethnicity. April 14, 2015, 3:38 pm. What Causes the Gender Wage Gap? gro.ssergorpnacirema@kcisucj, gro.ssergorpnacirema@snillocr, Meeting Investor Demand for Environmental, Social and Governance Information, Stateside Chat: Working Toward an Equitable and Just Climate Future, STATEMENT: CAP on Mississippi’s Unconstitutional Ban on Transgender Participation in School-Sponsored Sports, EVENT ADVISORY: SEC Acting Chair Allison Herren Lee To Speak on Environmental, Social, and Governance Regulations, STATEMENT: CAP Urges for New TPS Designation and Humanitarian Response to Unrest in Haiti. A new report by the Center for American Progress finds that the gender wage gap is more pronounced for African American women than is the case for women of other racial/ethnic groups.. The gender pay gap for AAPI women varies among different communities. For quarterly earnings for women and men overall, see U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Usual Weekly Earnings of Wage and Salary Workers Fourth Quarter 2019,” Table 1, Press release, January 17, 2020, available at. READ: Why Pay Transparency Alone Won't Eliminate the Wage Gap Between Men and Women. Critics complain that estimates of the gender wage gap are inaccurate oversimplifications. One of the largest driving factors of the gender wage gap is the fact that men and women, on average, work in different industries and occupations; this accounts for up to 49.3 percent of the wage gap, according to some estimates. Fleming, S. S. (2015). (Source: theatlantic.com) (Editor’s Note: ThinkProgress is an editorially independent newsroom housed at the Center for American Progress Action Fund.) What accounts for that difference in time? (Editor’s Note: ThinkProgress is an editorially independent newsroom housed at the Center for American Progress Action Fund.) [online] Center for American Progress. Center for American Progress, “Wage Gap by the Numbers,” January 6, 2009, available at, See Paycheck Fairness Act, H.R. * The gender wage gap is the annual difference in median wages between men and women who are employed full-time and it widens over time. Annual data for 2012, the latest year for which data are available, estimate that women earn 77 percent of what men do for working full time, year round, while weekly data put the estimate at 82.1 percent. With global attention on the gender pay gap over the past three years, has progress been made to close the gap? Read the full paper ... How workplace segregation fosters wage discrimination for African American women. But the rest of the wage gap—nearly 60 percent—is influenced by all the structural and social factors that drive the decisions women make about where and how long they work. And it’s all of these factors coming together—in the same way that they do in real life—that gives the 77-cent comparison meaning. Critics complain that estimates of the gender wage gap are inaccurate oversimplifications. (see Table 1), An even larger consideration is the cumulative impact of the gender wage gap on all women working full time in the United States. The Center for American Progress has proposed moving toward this broader type of collective bargaining in the private sector. Simply put, what it conveys is the fact that, if you average out what all women, working full time, year round, earn and compare that number to what all men working full time, year round, earn, you find that women take home 77 percent of what men do. Explaining the Gender Wage Gap - Center for American Progress. Center for American Progress. Center for American Progress, citing the National Women's Law Center. The highest wage premium for women is among respiratory therapists, an occupation where women earn 6.4 percent more than men—the equivalent of an extra $62 per week. ... Center For American Progress Action Fund. As the chart from Sarah Jane Glynn at the Center for American Progress shows, women in financial industries, marketing, and education administration face pay gaps even larger than the national average. Americans, through bold, progressive ideas, as well as strong Figures are not adjusted for inflation and earnings are in 2018 dollars. Author’s analysis uses an average of the monthly workforce totals for women overall to determine how much more an individual woman would have earned. Center for American Progress Tweet. Altogether, they are why the 77-cent figure is meaningful: Comparing a woman and a man in the same occupation and with the same background in a very narrow way only tells you one part of the story—even though a gender wage gap still persists within these types of comparisons. 1 Woman are working longer hours and pursuing higher education in greater numbers. Déjà vu? U.S. Census Bureau, “Current Population Survey: PINC-05. 1 Center for American Progress | The Top 10 Facts About the Gender Wage Gap The Top 10 Facts About the Gender Wage Gap By Kaitlin Holmes and Danielle Corley April 12, 2016 In order to earn as much as the average man did in 2015, the average woman would have to work until April 12, 2016—known as Equal Pay Day.1 Women today have made great Work Experience-People 15 Years Old and Over, by Total Money Earnings, Age, Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Disability Status: 2018.”. So while the 77-cent figure compares working women and men in different jobs, it is influenced by occupational segregation and the different wages men and women earn even within the same types of jobs. From the Center for American Progress webpage and the AAUW webpage, what did you learn about the gender wage gap? Author’s analysis uses data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). In these jobs, women earn, on average, 60.6 percent of what men do within the same occupation—the equivalent of losing an astonishing $473 dollars per week. A quick rundown: Raise the minimum wage; Raise the tipped minimum wage Author’s calculation reflects the ratio of women’s and men’s median earnings for full-time, year-round workers 15 years old and older. 1 Center for American Progress | Explaining the Gender Wage Gap Explaining the Gender Wage Gap By Sarah Jane Glynn May 19, 2014 The most commonly cited statistic for the gender wage gap asserts that women earn only 77 cents for every dollar earned by men. Our aim is not just to change While this overall gender wage gap is an important statistical representation of how women take home less money in wages than men across the economy, it is important to consider the specific influencing factors: A number of different things, including race and ethnicity, interact to affect earnings. This issue brief explains how the wage gap is calculated, why the numbers are not all the same, and what causes are driving the most commonly cited 77-cent figure. So while experts have attributed the estimated 38 percent16 of the wage gap that is not explained by traditional measurable factors—such as hours worked and years of experience—to the effects of discrimination, it must be understood that discrimination likely affects more than just 38 percent of the wage gap.17, The most frequent way of discussing the wage gap, in terms of dollars and cents, may unintentionally obscure the real impact on working women and their families. All of these factors translate, to different degrees, into lower pay. As the following sections illustrate, there are structural factors that influence the different career paths of men and women—factors that should be addressed to ensure that all workers are able to work and contribute to the economy in ways that make the most of their abilities and strengths. Center for American Progress Action Fund have termed the “career wage gap.” The more commonly known gender wage gap is the annual difference in median wages between men and women who are employed full-time. Endnotes and citations are available in the PDF and Scribd versions. * Other studies show that moms, especially single moms, fare even worse with the gender wage gap. The fact is, in real life, women work the way they do for reasons that, for all but the most privileged, have very little to do with choosing purely between work and family life. Sections of this page. For context, a woman working full time, year round earned $10,194 less than her male counterpart, on average, in 2018.18 If this wage gap were to remain unchanged, she would earn about $407,760 less than a man over the course of a 40-year career.19 Again, these earnings gaps are larger for most women of color. To begin to close the gender wage gap, women need updated comprehensive equal pay legislation, such as the Paycheck Fairness Act,23 that will strengthen existing protections and further combat discriminatory practices. Restricting the estimate of the gender pay gap to full-time workers is not without limitations. - Center for American Progress. Fleming, S. S. (2015). How the Gender Wage Gap Differs by Occupation 04/14/2015 07:12 pm ET Updated Dec 06, 2017 Meanwhile, … Sarah Jane Glynn is Associate Director for Women’s Economic Policy at the Center for American Progress. So what exactly is the gender wage gap? However, a great deal of contention sur-rounds statistics measuring and quantifying the gender wage gap, and this confusion is not entirely without … Gender Wage Inequality Report. Women earn less when they balance children and careers.So what to make of the fact that about 10 percent of the wage gap can be attributed to women having different work histories than men, or in other words, being much more likely to take time off or quit altogether to care for children? For example, access to paid sick days and a comprehensive paid family and medical leave program are just two of the essential policies that would help minimize job loss and ensure better economic security for all workers.24 Beyond public policy, society must confront cultural biases that continue to harm women—particularly women of color—by devaluing their work and confining them to specific gender roles. This graph from the ILO shows the percentage gap in workforce participation in 1991, 2001, and 2011 between women and men. The gender wage gap, according to the NWLC, means $23,540 less each year for Black women, $28,036 less for Latinas, $24,443 for Native women, and $6,007 less for Asian women. In reality, the statistic that women earn 77 cents to the male dollar reflects real structural barriers to equality deserving of attention. The average salary for Center For American Progress employees is $61,800 per year. Mothers, on average, have lower earnings than women without children, and while some of this gap may be due to working fewer hours, at least some of it persists even when productivity is taken into account. Interestingly, only four occupations—retail salespersons, first-line supervisors and managers of retail stores, cooks, and all other managers—appear in both genders’ top 20 most common occupations. Despite substantial gains made in the 1980s, strides toward gender equality in the workplace have stalled. Center for American Progress senior fellow Jocelyn Frye talked about the gender disparities in the economic impacts of the… April 11, 2014 Gender Pay Gap. The good news is that some of these issues can be addressed through public policy. Jan. 26, 2021. East Asia has more women working then men, but some parts of the world, the gap remains high. The gender wage gap refers to the difference in earnings between women and men. Community Organization. It thus Some research shows that the career costs of childbearing are particularly high for highly skilled women in professional occupations, likely in part because there is not a direct relationship between hours and wages for women who find themselves on the “mommy track.”. The annual wage-gap statistic average is compiled by grouping together many people—and, as such, it has its caveats. To be very clear, the 77-cents-on-the-dollar statistic does not compare men and women doing identical work. Author’s calculation is based on 2018’s wage gap multiplied by 40 to extend it over 40 years. There are significant structural factors that influence the decisions working women make that result in lower pay, and these deserve as much attention as overt discrimination. There’s also the fact that women are now more likely than ever before to be raising children without a partner—carrying all the weight of breadwinning and homemaking on their own shoulders. But that belief rests upon a very abstract take on reality. It’s calculated by dividing the median earnings of full-time, year-round, working women by the median earnings of full-time, year-round, working men, all rounded to the nearest $100. For example, societal and structural sexism often influences the jobs that women work in, and those same forces mean that women most often take on the majority of the caregiving, housework, and other unpaid responsibilities that men do not. U.S. Census Bureau, “Current Population Survey: PINC-05. The gender pay gap impacts women across all socioeconomic and racial groups throughout a majority of professional fields.It affects women of color at even greater rates, with Latina women earning just 56 percent of every dollar a white man makes, and black women earning 64 percent.To top it off, the wage gap only grows larger as women age, with women earning 90 percent of … Today, a pay gap persists, as women earn 77 cents to … Continue reading “The Gender Pay Gap” by: Center for American Progress: The world-wide gender gap for work, all in one graph. The Center for American Progress is an independent nonpartisan "Families Can't Afford the Gender Wage Gap." Jobs in finance are among those with the largest gender wage gaps.A woman who works as a securities or commodities broker, for example, makes less than 55 … Reality: Not All Paid Leave Proposals Are Equal” (Washington: Center for American Progress, 2019), available at, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey, Employed and unemployed full- and part-time workers by age, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,” available at, U.S. A copy of your letter to the U.S. Chamber of Commerce will be sent to your Senators and Representative to remind them that we’re counting on them give women the capacity to enforce the right to equal and fair pay. 1 Center for American Progress | Hours Flexibility and the Gender Gap in Pay Introduction and summary The issues facing workers and their families are currently in the spotlight. Louisiana has the largest gap with a gender pay ratio of 69%, while California has the smallest gender gap ratio with 89%. Understanding these constraints and what causes the gender wage gap is an important first step to change structural barriers. In fact, there is a cyclical relationship between women’s wages and unpaid care work within the home. With competing statistics and a highly politicized issue, the very existence of the wage gap is often called into question—along with its significance and driving causes. One of the main issues being addressed in the Shriver report is the gender wage gap. However, as discussed throughout the text, more comprehensive data are needed to gain a clearer picture of all wage gaps in the workforce. A new report from the Center for American Progress Action Fund entitled, “Lifetime Losses: The Career Wage Gap” examines how the gender wage gap—the annual difference in median wages between men and women who are employed full-time—accumulates over a 40-year period. Ibid. The “77 cents” formulation is a colloquialism—shorthand for expressing a complex economic truth. Center for American Progress, - cant-afford-the-gender-wage-gap/. Like all statistics, the 77-cent statistic tells a particular story. By Will McGrew, August 28, 2018. CAP / Via americanprogress.org There are only two full-time jobs in the U.S. in which women earn the same or 1% more than men: stock clerk and health practitioner tech support. Work Experience-People 15 Years Old and Over, by Total Money Earnings, Age, Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Disability Status: 2018,” available at, Calculations are based on median annual earnings data from 2018 American Community Survey 1-year estimates, whereas the 90-cent figure for Asian women overall is based on median annual earnings data from the 2018 Current Population Survey. 3 Center for American Progress | Hours Flexibility and the Gender Gap in Pay This report also demonstrates that of the occupational groups studied, those in the technician group who work fewer than 40 hours per week are the least likely to have a wage penalty among both men and women; the food, operator, and sales groups Moreover, just looking at full-time workers does not eliminate the difference in hours worked. East Asia has more women working then men, but some parts of the world, the gap remains high. Read the full paper ... How workplace segregation fosters wage discrimination for African American women. Explaining the Gender Wage Gap - Center for American Progress. post A look at the motherhood wage gap on Mother’s Equal Pay Day. The gender wage gap refers to the difference in earnings between women and men.2 Experts have calculated this gap in a multitude of ways, but the varying calculations point to a consensus: Women consistently earn less than men, and the gap is wider for most women of color. Some women will always prefer reducing their schedules or staying at home with their kids. The career wage gap looks at how the current annual gender wage gap accumulates over a 40-year period. At least some of this is due to discrimination, even if it is subtle and subconscious. (see Figure 1), The wage gaps for each group are calculated based on median earnings data from the U.S. Census Bureau and thus do not necessarily represent each individual woman’s personal experience. In real life, men and women often do not hold the same jobs. But this is not an issue unique to calculating the gender wage gap, since most statistics vary slightly when pulling data from different sources using different measures of analysis. First, it directly raises wages for workers who are covered by union contracts—especially for lower- and middle-income workers. Collective bargaining reduces gender and racial pay gaps for several reasons. However, despite this progress, significant wage gaps between men and women persist—particularly for women of color. Everything You Need To Know For Equal Pay Day. Calculating it this way allows experts to capture the multitude of factors driving the gender wage gap, which include but are not limited to: These are just some of the major drivers of the gender wage gap. Although there has been some progress toward closing the gender wage gap in the United States since the passage of laws, the results haven't been equally felt by all women. This is purposeful. In May of last year, President Obama signed a … Neither do they, on average, have the same years of experience, work the same hours, or equally share the responsibility of childbirth and child care. For example, for every $1 earned by white, non-Hispanic men, Filipino women earned 83 cents, Tongan women earned 75 cents, and Nepali women earned 50 cents.4 The larger wage gaps for most women of color reflect the compounding negative effects of gender bias as well as racial and/or ethnic bias on their earnings.5, People living intersectional realities—such as transgender women and immigrant women—also experience the compounding negative effects of multiple biases on their earnings.6 Unfortunately, these women are often left out of the broader conversation about the gender wage gap owing to the limitations of available data. Mott Children’s Hospital National Poll on Children’s Health. Other robust work-family policies are also essential to truly combating the multifaceted gender wage gap so that women—who disproportionately assume much of the caregiving responsibilities in their families—are not unfairly disadvantaged by taking time to address care needs. Shriver’s report tells us that the average woman is paid only 77 cents for every dollar a man makes. Other factors, meanwhile, help narrow the gap between women’s and men’s earnings. Gender Wage Inequality Report. (March 18, 2019), available at, Diana Boesch, “The Uneven Expansion of Access to Paid Sick Days,” Center for American Progress, August 30, 2018, available at. Some of the controversy around wage-gap estimates and figures is at least partly due to the fact that, like many statistics, the exact figure changes slightly depending on the data source used. Mothers are more likely than fathers to stay home with sick children, and one-third of parents of young children report that they are concerned about losing their jobs or their wages if they have to stay home with an ill child, according to the C.S. Employed mothers with a child under age 6 spend about 47 more minutes per day caring for and helping household members, compared to employed fathers. ... research associate for women's economic security at the Center for American Progress writes in a … 7, 116th Cong., 1st sess. Center for American Progress. These are the 10 jobs with the biggest gender wage gaps: It’s the structural barriers to women’s progress and enduring social attitudes about women’s place that contribute the most to women’s lower pay, according to economic analyses of the wage gap. Some critics use this as fuel for their argument that the wage gap only exists because women scale back their work hours to care for their families. Variability in work experience also plays a role in wages, as some women can fall behind in career development more than men due to maternity leave or child care. What drives it? "Quick Facts About the Gender Wage Gap." Much more data—disaggregated by sex, race and ethnicity, gender identity, sexual orientation, disability status, and more factors—are needed to understand precisely where pay disparities exist and where efforts must be targeted.7. The world-wide gender gap for work, all in one graph. The varied factors that influence the wage gap—different jobs, different hours, and different work histories—are not purely the result of women’s choices. According to the Center for American Progress, only about 27 percent of the gap can be explained by the difference in hours that the two genders work. In particular, the 90-cent earnings figure for Asian women likely underestimates the wage gap experienced by women belonging to many Asian subgroups. leadership and concerted action. When talking about the wage gap for women, it is important to highlight that there are significant differences by race and ethnicity. Improving pay equity would create substantial economic gains for women and their families. Earning Differences by Race. Political Organization. Women stand to miss out on some serious money thanks to the gender wage gap. Economic Policy Institute. How The Gender Wage Gap Differs By Occupation - Center For American Progress. Women are much more likely than men to be clustered in just a few occupations, with nearly half of all working women—44.4 percent—employed in just 20 occupations, including secretaries and administrative assistants, registered nurses, and school teachers. Incorporating these significant factors is precisely what makes the number valuable. Americans, through bold, progressive ideas, as well as strong This fact sheet provides answers to these questions and more. And the wage gap is even higher for women of color, pointing to social factors that go far beyond the choices that women make. policy institute that is dedicated to improving the lives of all In 1963, President John F. Kennedy signed the Equal Pay Act (EPA) into law, making it illegal for employers to pay unequal wages to men and women who perform equal work. At the time, women earned 59 cents to every dollar earned by men. Visit PayScale to research Center For American Progress salaries, bonuses, reviews, benefits, and more! According to TalkPoverty, a project from the Center for American Progress, the poverty rate of women between the ages of 18-64 in Virginia is currently 11.6%. Should we continue to progress at this hindered rate, we can expect the global wage gap to close in 118 years, in the year 2133. -gap/ Quick Facts About the Gender Wage Gap, Center for American Progress Since the second half of the 20th century, women’s labor force participation has grown significantly. The left-leaning Center for American Progress responded with a list of seven ways to reduce the gender wage gap. Access to quality, affordable child-care then seems imperative to reduce the gender wage gap. Native American women and Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander women saw their pay gaps close slightly from $0.57 and $0.61 in 2018, to $0.60 and $0.63, respectively, in 2019. Combating gender and caregiver pay discrimination is a real and important challenge facing our country, which is why laws such as the Equal Pay Act of 1963 and the Lily Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 are so important.
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